基础

创建数据库

  创建之前判断该数据库是否存在
   if exists (select * from sysdatabases where name='databaseName')
   drop database databaseName
   go
   Create DATABASE database-name

删除数据库

   drop database dbname

备份sql server

   --- 创建 备份数据的 device
   USE master
   EXEC sp_addumpdevice 'disk', 'testBack', 'c:mssql7backupMyNwind_1.dat'
   --- 开始 备份
   BACKUP DATABASE pubs TO testBack

创建新表

   create table tabname(col1 type1 [not null] [primary key],col2 type2 [not null],..)
  根据已有的表创建新表:
   A:create table tab_new like tab_old (使用旧表创建新表)
   B:create table tab_new as select col1,col2… from tab_old definition only

创建序列

   create sequence SIMON_SEQUENCE
   minvalue 1 -- 最小值
   maxvalue 999999999999999999999999999 最大值
   start with 1 开始值
   increment by 1 每次加几
   cache 20;

删除新表

   drop table tabname

增加一个列

   Alter table tabname add column col type
  注:列增加后将不能删除。DB2中列加上后数据类型也不能改变,唯一能改变的是增加varchar类型的长度。

添加主键

   Alter table tabname add primary key(col)
  说明:删除主键: Alter table tabname drop primary key(col)

创建索引

   create [unique] index idxname on tabname(col….)
  删除索引:drop index idxname on tabname
  注:索引是不可更改的,想更改必须删除重新建。

创建视图

   create view viewname as select statement
  删除视图:drop view viewname

几个简单的基本的sql语句

  选择:select * from table1 where 范围
  插入:insert into table1(field1,field2) values(value1,value2)
  删除:delete from table1 where 范围
  更新:update table1 set field1=value1 where 范围
  查找:select * from table1 where field1 like ’%value1%’ (所有包含‘value1’这个模式的字符串)---like的语法很精妙,查资料!
  排序:select * from table1 order by field1,field2 [desc/ASC]
  总数:select count(*) as totalcount from table1
  求和:select sum(field1) as sumvalue from table1
  平均:select avg(field1) as avgvalue from table1
  最大:select max(field1) as maxvalue from table1
  最小:select min(field1) as minvalue from table1[separator]

几个高级查询运算词

   A: UNION 运算符
   UNION 运算符通过组合其他两个结果表(例如 TABLE1 和 TABLE2)并消去表中任何重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 UNION 一起使用时(即 UNION ALL),不消除重复行。两种情况下,派生表的每一行不是来自 TABLE1 就是来自 TABLE2。
   B: EXCEPT 运算符
   EXCEPT 运算符通过包括所有在 TABLE1 中但不在 TABLE2 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 EXCEPT 一起使用时 (EXCEPT ALL),不消除重复行。
   C: INTERSECT 运算符
   INTERSECT 运算符通过只包括 TABLE1 和 TABLE2 中都有的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 INTERSECT 一起使用时 (INTERSECT ALL),不消除重复行。
  注:使用运算词的几个查询结果行必须是一致的。

使用外连接

   A、left outer join:
  左外连接(左连接):结果集既包括连接表的匹配行,也包括左连接表的所有行。
   SQL: select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c
   B:right outer join:
  右外连接(右连接):结果集既包括连接表的匹配连接行,也包括右连接表的所有行。
   C:full outer join:
  全外连接:不仅包括符号连接表的匹配行,还包括两个连接表中的所有记录。

提升

复制表

   (只复制结构,源表名:a 新表名:b) (Access可用)
  法一:select * into b from a where 1<>1
  法二:select top 0 * into b from a

拷贝表

   (拷贝数据,源表名:a 目标表名:b) (Access可用)
   insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b;

跨数据库之间表的拷贝

   (具体数据使用绝对路径) (Access可用)
   insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b in ‘具体数据库’ where 条件
  例子:..from b in '"&Server.MapPath("."&"data.mdb" &"' where..

子查询

   (表名1:a 表名2:b)
   select a,b,c from a where a IN (select d from b 或者: select a,b,c from a where a IN (1,2,3)

显示文章、提交人和最后回复时间

   select a.title,a.username,b.adddate from table a,(select max(adddate) adddate from table where table.title=a.title) b

外连接查询

   (表名1:a 表名2:b)
   select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c

在线视图查询

   (表名1:a
   select * from (Select a,b,c FROM a) T where t.a > 1;

between的用法

   between限制查询数据范围时包括了边界值,not between不包括
   select * from table1 where time between time1 and time2
   select a,b,c, from table1 where a not between 数值1 and 数值2

in 的使用方法

   select * from table1 where a [not] in (‘值1’,’值2’,’值4’,’值6’)

删除主表中已经在副表中没有的信息

  两张关联表delete from table1 where not exists ( select * from table2 where table1.field1=table2.field1

四表联查问题

   select * from a left inner join b on a.a=b.b right inner join c on a.a=c.c inner join d on a.a=d.d where .....

日程安排提前五分钟提醒

   SQL: select * from 日程安排 where datediff('minute',f开始时间,getdate())>5

一条sql 语句搞定数据库分页

   select top 10 b.* from (select top 20 主键字段,排序字段 from 表名 order by 排序字段 desc) a,表名 b where b.主键字段 = a.主键字段 order by a.排序字段

前10条记录

   select top 10 * form table1 where 范围

选择排名

  选择在每一组b值相同的数据中对应的a最大的记录的所有信息(类似这样的用法可以用于论坛每月排行榜,每月热销产品分析,按科目成绩排名,等等.)
   select a,b,c from tablename ta where a=(select max(a) from tablename tb where tb.b=ta.b)

派生结果表

  包括所有在 TableA 中但不在 TableB和TableC 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表
   (select a from tableA except (select a from tableB) except (select a from tableC)

随机取出10条数据

   select top 10 * from tablename order by newid()

随机选择记录

   select newid()

删除重复记录

   Delete from tablename where id not in (select max(id) from tablename group by col1,col2,...)

列出数据库里所有的表名

   select name from sysobjects where type='U'

列出表里的所有的

   select name from syscolumns where id=object_id('TableName')

列示排列

  列示type、vender、pcs字段,以type字段排列,case可以方便地实现多重选择,类似select 中的case。
   select type,sum(case vender when 'A' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'C' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'B' then pcs else 0 end) FROM tablename group by type
  显示结果:
   type vender pcs
  电脑 A 1
  电脑 A 1
  光盘 B 2
  光盘 A 2
  手机 B 3
  手机 C 3

初始化表table1

   TRUNCATE TABLE table1

选择从10到15的记录

   select top 5 * from (select top 15 * from table order by id asc) table_别名 order by id desc

数据类型转换

   declare @numid int
   declare @id varchar(50)
   set @numid=2005
   set @id=convert(varchar,@numid)
  通过上述语句完成数据类型Int转换成varchar,其他转换类似,可参看convert函数

[]
技巧

1=1,1=2的使用

  在SQL语句组合时用的较多
   “where 1=1” 是表示选择全部 “where 1=2”全部不选,
  如:
   if @strWhere !='
   begin
   set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where ' + @strWhere
   end
   else
   begin
   set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + ']'
   end
  我们可以直接写成
   set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where 1=1 and '+ @strWhere

收缩数据库

   --重建索引
   DBCC REINDEX
   DBCC INDEXDEFRAG
   --收缩数据和日志
   DBCC SHRINKDB
   DBCC SHRINKFILE

压缩数据库

   dbcc shrinkdatabase(dbname)
  转移数据库给新用户以已存在用户权限
   exec sp_change_users_login 'update_one','newname','oldname'
   go

检查备份集

   RESTORE VERIFYONLY from disk='E:dvbbs.bak'

修复数据库

   Alter DATABASE [dvbbs] SET SINGLE_USER
   GO
   DBCC CHECKDB('dvbbs',repair_allow_data_loss) WITH TABLOCK
   GO
   Alter DATABASE [dvbbs] SET MULTI_USER
   GO

日志清除

   SET NOCOUNT ON
   DECLARE @LogicalFileName sysname,
   @MaxMinutes INT,
   @NewSize INT
   USE tablename -- 要操作的数据库名
   Select @LogicalFileName = 'tablename_log', -- 日志文件名
   @MaxMinutes = 10, -- Limit on time allowed to wrap log.
   @NewSize = 1 -- 你想设定的日志文件的大小(M)
   -- Setup / initialize
   DECLARE @OriginalSize int
   Select @OriginalSize = size
   FROM sysfiles
   Where name = @LogicalFileName
   Select 'Original Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' +
   CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),@OriginalSize) + ' 8K pages or ' +
   CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(@OriginalSize*8/1024)) + 'MB'
   FROM sysfiles
   Where name = @LogicalFileName
   Create TABLE DummyTrans
   (DummyColumn char (8000) not null)
   DECLARE @Counter INT,
   @StartTime DATETIME,
   @TruncLog VARCHAR(255)
   Select @StartTime = GETDATE(),
   @TruncLog = 'BACKUP LOG ' + db_name() + ' WITH TRUNCATE_ONLY'
   DBCC SHRINKFILE (@LogicalFileName, @NewSize)
   EXEC (@TruncLog)
   -- Wrap the log if necessary.
   WHILE @MaxMinutes > DATEDIFF (mi, @StartTime, GETDATE()) -- time has not expired
   AND @OriginalSize = (Select size FROM sysfiles Where name = @LogicalFileName)
   AND (@OriginalSize * 8 /1024) > @NewSize
   BEGIN -- Outer loop.
   Select @Counter = 0
   WHILE ((@Counter < @OriginalSize / 16) AND (@Counter < 50000))
   BEGIN -- update
   Insert DummyTrans VALUES ('Fill Log')
   Delete DummyTrans
   Select @Counter = @Counter + 1
   END
   EXEC (@TruncLog)
   END
   Select 'Final Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' +
   CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),size) + ' 8K pages or ' +
   CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(size*8/1024)) + 'MB'
   FROM sysfiles
   Where name = @LogicalFileName
   Drop TABLE DummyTrans
   SET NOCOUNT OFF

更改某个表

   exec sp_changeobjectowner 'tablename','dbo'

存储更改全部表

   Create PROCEDURE dbo.User_ChangeObjectOwnerBatch
   @OldOwner as NVARCHAR(128),
   @NewOwner as NVARCHAR(128)
   AS
   DECLARE @Name as NVARCHAR(128)
   DECLARE @Owner as NVARCHAR(128)
   DECLARE @OwnerName as NVARCHAR(128)
   DECLARE curObject CURSOR FOR
   select 'Name' = name,
   'Owner' = user_name(uid)
   from sysobjects
   where user_name(uid)=@OldOwner
   order by name
   OPEN curObject
   FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner
   WHILE(@@FETCH_STATUS=0)
   BEGIN
   if @Owner=@OldOwner
   begin
   set @OwnerName = @OldOwner + '.' + rtrim(@Name)
   exec sp_changeobjectowner @OwnerName, @NewOwner
   end
   -- select @name,@NewOwner,@OldOwner
   FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner
   END
   close curObject
   deallocate curObject
   GO

SQL SERVER中直接循环写入数据

   declare @i int
   set @i=1
   while @i<30
   begin
   insert into test (userid) values(@i)
   set @i=@i+1
   end
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